Monitoring and Distribution of some Air Pollutants Levels Around Al-Zubaydiah Electrical Power Plant in Wasit Governorate, Iraq

Abstract


Introduction
Air pollutants is the materials' gift withinside the air at concentrations which are dangerous to the surroundings and humans.A variety of additives discover their manner into the air, and those are primarily gases, which unexpectedly propagate over huge areas.Most of our manner of existence relies upon at the burning of fossil fuels (Almetwally et al., 2020).Gases have obtained a variety of interest because of their results at the ecosystem, animals, plants, and human health.Gaseous emissions account for kind of 90% of overall human emissions withinside the environment (Najjar, 2011).When risky or immoderate quantities of materials, inclusive of gases (CO2, CO, VOC, LEL), particles (each natural and inorganic), and dwelling molecules are launched into the environment of the planet, air pollutants results.It can also additionally damage different dwelling such things as animals and meals crops, in addition to the surroundings, and it can bring about infections, allergies, or even human death.Air pollutants is a herbal byproduct of human sports and herbal processes (Gheorghe and Ion, 2011).Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced for the duration of the unfinished combustion of carbon-bearing materials.Long-time period publicity to low tiers of CO can have an effect on cardiovascular health, while publicity to excessive tiers is toxic (Calderón et al., 2022).The carbon cycle clearly produces 93 % of the CO2 withinside the environment, and the the rest is a end result of human activity (Ciais and Meijer, 2020).The CO2 degree has expanded ever because the first fossil fuels like oil, coal, and herbal fueloline had been used to provide strength and gasoline for vehicles (Tong et al., 2019).Volatile natural compounds (VOCs), consistent with the World Health Organization (WHO), are natural materials with boiling factors among 240 and 260 C0; many natural compounds come inside this classification (Thepanondh et al., 2011).In addition to their results on human health, VOCs have garnered a variety of hobby during the last many years because of their great position withinside the technology of oxidants inclusive of ozone and PAN withinside the troposphere (Hoque et al. 2008).VOCs play a critical position withinside the ozone and photochemical oxidants that make contributions to city smog.Over the beyond few many years, hobby has risen in figuring out the VOCs withinside the environment has risen.Due to the regarded and suspected carcinogenic homes of fragrant and chlorinated natural compounds, studies has targeting the city tiers of VOCs (Lee et al., 2002), Every day, great volumes of VOCs are emitted from each desk bound and shifting sources (Shahbazi et al., 2016).The best fueloline attention in a aggregate wherein the flame cannot unfold farfar from the ignition supply is referred to as the decrease explosion limit (LEL) (Davis et al., 2017).Rapid populace expansion, excessive tiers of urbanization, industrialization, and a surge in motorized site visitors have all contributed to better concentrations of numerous atmospheric pollution, along with hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide (Mahmood and Kamal, 2018).The air pollution gift withinside the air, in addition to environmental and climatic changes, are all prompted through wind direction, precipitation, temperature, and relative humidity.The distribution of numerous air contaminants is restricted through atmospheric variables like temperature, humidity, wind direction, and precipitation volume (Csavina et al., 2014).The modern-day work's goals are centered at the research and evaluation of 4 air pollution that included: Carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon oxide (CO), Volatile natural compounds (VOC), and Lower Explosive Limit (LEL), which can be emissions from Al-Zubaydiah thermal strength station, considering those gases' concentrations and unfold for the duration of the take a look at place for the duration of the take a look at period, and the way it affected the town.The vicinity surrounding the strength plant reports a weather this is in among the Mediterranean and the desert.Both bloodless and now no longer wet in wintry weather and heat and dry in summer time season.The General Meteorological Organization and Seismology in Baghdad record that the common month-to-month air temperature in Al-Zubaydiah town degrees from 30 °C to kind of 40 °C withinside the summer time season.In the wintry weather, the month-to-month median air temperature degrees from 10 to kind of 24 levels Celsius.The common month-to-month relative humidity varies for the duration of the year, starting from 37 to 54 % withinside the summer time season and from fifty five to 81 % withinside the wintry weather.The most month-to-month fee of rainfall became 0.ninety one mm in January, at the same time as the minimal fee became 0.01 mm in June, August, and September.Winds from the north and northwest blowing at a fee of 20 km/h are the principal every year winds withinside the studies vicinity.They commonly accompany dirt storms and different arid conditions, specifically for the duration of the summer time season, and are sweeping from the northwest in a southeasterly direction.
The geographical location of the Zubaidiyah Thermal plant and the locations of the measurement stations were installed using a GPS device.The initial stage in air sampling is to choose the optimum locations near power plants, keeping in mind the wind direction, which represents the ideal distribution of contaminants.Ten air sampling sites were chosen and distributed around the power plant to evaluate the ratio of gases in the study area's air.In this investigation, CO2, CO, VOC, and LEL using the gasmeter positional measurements were taken only in February 2022 and May 2022 utilizing the equipment depicted in Fig. 2.

Results and Discussions
The range and mean of gases CO, CO2, VOC, and LEL in comparison with National Ambient Air Quality Standards 2016 and WHO 1996 are listed in Tables 1 and 2 for two periods, whereas the concentration values of gases are shown in Table 3. Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) concentrations in the winter recorded for the study area ranged 0 ppm, the mean concentration of LEL was recorded (0) ppm.  1 shows the range of CO in the winter recorded for the study area (0-6 ppm), where the highest concentration was in station st1 and the lowest concentration was in stations st 3, 8, 9, and 10.The mean concentration of carbon monoxide was recorded at 1.6 ppm.
The CO2 concentration range was recorded in the winter between 790 and 1030 ppm, where the highest concentration was at station 7 and the lowest concentration was at station 5.The mean concentration of carbon dioxide was recorded at 901 ppm, as shown in Table 1 and Fig. 5.The VOC in the winter recorded for the study area ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm, where the highest concentration was in station 5, and the lowest concentration in station A. The mean concentration of VOC is 0.26 ppm (Fig. 7).950-1810 1431 -----250 VOC 0.2-0.5 0.36 -----0.50LEL 0 0 -----15.5The mean concentration of CO in the summer was 1.3 ppm with a range of 1-2 ppm where the highest concentration was at stations 3, 6, and 9, and the lowest concentration was at stations 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10.The mean CO 2 in the summer was recorded at a range of 950 to 1810 ppm, where the highest concentration was at station 4 and the lowest concentration was at station 2. The mean CO2 was recorded at 0.36 ppm (Fig. 4).The mean concentration of VOC was recorded at 0.36 ppm with a range of 0.2-0.5 ppm where the highest concentration was in stations 1, 2, and 10 and the lowest concentration was in the 4, 5, and 6 stations (Fig. 6).The results of this study were compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) limits.This comparison is illustrated in Tables 1 and 2 and shows that the distribution rate of CO in winter and summer is within the normal limits compared to the WHO 1996.While the CO2 distribution rate was much higher than the normal rate in WHO 1996, in addition to VOC, it was also within the aforementioned normal limits.These results were higher in the summer than in the winter.

Conclusions
In phrases of the hassle of smoke emitted from the thermal strength station, the air pollutants in The results showed high percentages of carbon dioxide concentrations at the locations of the measurement stations far from the Zubaidiyah thermal power plant and towards the southeast, where the prevailing winds are in the study area, as its concentrations reached 1431 ppm in the summer and 901 ppm in the winter, which is higher than the limits allowed by the compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) limits.As for the rest of the components of carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds (voc) ,LEL substances, their concentrations for both classes were lower than the permissible concentrations the limits allowed by the compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) limits and did not pose a real threat to public health within the limits of the study area.

Fig. 1 .
Fig.1.The geographical location of the Al-Zubaydiah thermal power station

Fig. 7 .
Fig.7.The VOC gas distribution around the plant in winter

Table 1 .
The range and mean of gasses in winter season concentrations in Comparison with National Ambient Air Quality Standards and World Standards

Table 2 .
Range and Mean of Gasses in Summer season Concentrations in Comparison with National Ambient Air Quality Standards and World Standards

Table 3 .
Gas concentrations (ppm)in study station during the winter and summer